Emphysema

12.4.6 Emphysema This is a chronic problem affecting the lungs. The lung tissue has been damaged and does not work properly. In livestock, emphysema is fairly common in buffalo, cattle, and horses. The cause is not clear. It may be associated with chronic liver fluke problems, tuberculosis, or result from pneumonia. In horses, it may be related to an allergy.

Symptoms/Diagnosis: The respiratory rate is rapid but there is usually no fever. The animal tires quickly when walking. Usually the animal has difficulty exhaling, since the lung tissue has lost its elasticity. This may be seen as extra abdominal effort or extra effort of the muscles along the ribs each time the animal exhales. There may also be a “heave line” which is extra muscle development along the ribs to help the animal exhale.

Treatment: Usually treatment is not very effective. Treat for parasites. Affected livestock might still produce milk if they do not exert themselves much, and if food and water are carried to them. Sometimes horses improve with antihistamine treatment and a well-ventilated environment.